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[Logic isn’t about certainty, it’s about consistency. If there’s no certainty outside logic, then there’s no certainty at all. The only “certainty” that logic can give us is that a particular conclusion follows from particular premises, or more simply that if one thing is true then another thing is true. The Germans have a saying about that: Whoever says A must also say B. Obviously then there can never be more certainty at the end of a logical process than there was at the beginning, and yet the notion persists that an argument’s force comes mainly from the inferential process and not from its assumptions, a notion that logic can somehow generate knowledge without some piece of knowledge to begin with.]

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